Berlin Airlift and Blockade in the Cold War

With the conclusion of World War II in Europe, Germany was divided into four occupation zones as had been discussed at the Yalta Conference. The Soviet zone was in eastern Germany while the Americans were in the south, the British the northwest, and the French the southwest. Administration of these zones was to be conducted through the Four Power Allied Control Council (ACC). The German capital, located deep in the Soviet zone, was similarly divided between the four victors. In the immediate period following the war, there was great debate regarding what extent Germany should be allowed to rebuild. During this time, Joseph Stalin actively worked to create and place in power the Socialist Unity Party in the Soviet zone. It was his intention that all of Germany should be communist and part of the Soviet sphere of influence. To this end, the Western Allies were only given limited access to Berlin along road and ground routes. While the Allies initially believed this to be short-term, trusting to Stalins goodwill, all subsequent requests for additional routes were denied by the Soviets. Only in the air was a formal agreement in place which guaranteed three twenty-mile-wide air corridors to the city. Tensions Increase In 1946, the Soviets cut off food shipments from their zone into western Germany. This was problematic as eastern Germany produced the majority of the nations food while western Germany contained its industry. In reply, General Lucius Clay, commander of the American zone, ended shipments of industrial equipment to the Soviets. Angered, the Soviets launched an anti-American campaign and began to disrupt the work of the ACC. In Berlin, the citizens, who had been brutally treated by the Soviets in the closing months of the war, voiced their disapproval by electing a staunchly anti-communist  city-wide government. With this turn of events, American policymakers came to the conclusion that a strong Germany was necessary to protect Europe from Soviet aggression. In 1947, President Harry Truman appointed General George C. Marshall as Secretary of State. Developing his Marshall Plan for European recovery, he intended to provide $13 billion in aid money. Opposed by the Soviets, the plan led to meetings in London regarding reconstruction of Europe and the rebuilding of the German economy. Angered by these developments, the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to check the identities of the passengers. Target Berlin On March 9, 1948, Stalin met with his military advisors and developed a plan for forcing the Allies to meet his demands by regulating access to Berlin. The ACC met for the last time on March 20, when, after being informed that the results of the London meetings would not be shared, the Soviet delegation walked out. Five days later, Soviet forces began restricting Western traffic into Berlin and stated that nothing could leave the city without their permission. This led to Clay ordering an airlift to carry military supplies to the American garrison in the city. Though the Soviets eased their restrictions on April 10, the pending crisis came to head in June with the introduction of a new, Western-backed German currency, the Deutsche Mark. This was ardently opposed by the Soviets who wished to keep the German economy weak by retaining the inflated Reichsmark. Between June 18, when the new currency was announced, and June 24, the Soviets cut off all ground access to Berlin. The next day they halted food distribution in the Allied parts of the city and cut off electricity. Having cut off Allied forces in the city, Stalin elected to test the resolve of the West. Flights Begin Unwilling to abandon the city, American policymakers directed Clay to meet with General Curtis LeMay, commander of United States Air Forces in Europe, regarding the feasibility of supplying West Berlins population by air. Believing that it could be done, LeMay ordered Brigadier General Joseph Smith to coordinate the effort. Since the British had been supplying their forces by air, Clay consulted his British counterpart, General Sir Brian Robertson, as the Royal Air Force had calculated the supplies required to sustain the city. This amounted to 1,534 tons of food and 3,475 tons of fuel per day. Before commencing, Clay met with Mayor-Elect Ernst Reuter to ensure that the effort had the support of the people of Berlin. Assured that it did, Clay ordered the airlift to move forward on July 26 as Operation Vittles (Plainfare). As the US Air Force was short on aircraft in Europe due to demobilization, the RAF carried the early load as American planes were moved to Germany. While the US Air Force began with a mix of C-47 Skytrains and C-54 Skymasters, the former was dropped due to difficulties in unloading them quickly. The RAF utilized a wide array of aircraft from C-47s to Short Sunderland flying boats. While initial daily deliveries were low, the airlift quickly gathered steam. To ensure success, aircraft operated on strict flight plans and maintenance schedules. Using the negotiated air corridors, American aircraft approached from the southwest and landed at Tempelhof, while British aircraft came from the northwest and landed at Gatow. All aircraft departed by flying due west to Allied airspace and then returning to their bases. Realizing that the airlift would be a long-term operation, the command was given to Lieutenant General William Tunner under the auspices of the Combined Airlift Task Force on July 27. Initially derided by the Soviets, the airlift was allowed to proceed without interference. Having overseen the supply of Allied forces over the Himalayas during the war, Tonnage Tunner quickly implemented a variety of safety measures after multiple accidents on Black Friday in August. Also, to speed up operations, he hired German work crews to unload aircraft and had food delivered to pilots in the cockpit so they would not need to deplane in Berlin. Learning that one of his flyers had been dropping candy to the citys children, he institutionalized the practice in the form of Operation Little Vittles. A morale-boosting concept, it became one of the iconic images of the airlift. Defeating the Soviets By the end of July, the airlift was delivering around 5,000 tons a day. Alarmed the Soviets began harassing incoming aircraft and attempted to lure them off course with fake radio beacons. On the ground, the people of Berlin held protests and the Soviets were forced to establish a separate municipal government in East Berlin. As winter approached, airlift operations increased to meet the citys demand for heating fuel. Battling severe weather, the aircraft continued their operations. To aid in this, Tempelhof was expanded and a new airport built at Tegel. With the airlift progressing, Tunner ordered a special Easter Parade which saw 12,941 tons of coal delivered in a twenty-four hour period on April 15-16, 1949. On April 21, the airlift delivered more supplies by air than typically reached the city by rail in a given day. On average an aircraft was landing in Berlin every thirty seconds. Stunned by the success of the airlift, the Soviets signaled an interest in ending the blockade. An agreement was soon reached and ground access to the city reopened at midnight on May 12. The Berlin Airlift signaled the Wests intention to stand up to Soviet aggression in Europe. Operations continued until September 30 with the goal of building a surplus in the city. During its fifteen months of activity, the airlift provided 2,326,406 tons of supplies which were carried on 278,228 flights. During this time, twenty-five aircraft were lost and 101 people killed (40 British, 31 American). Soviet actions led many in Europe to support the formation of a strong West German state.

Essay about Heart of Darkness - 1745 Words

Post-colonial studies have often created this myth about the European intent for Africa, a tale that has led many westerners to believe in the noble role of European policy of civilizing Africa. However, literal materials have said little about the evils that surrounded the well sometimes ill-disguised motives of explorers, colonial administrators and their adventures. This essay provides an in depth review of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, a classical novella that illustrates without bias the motives behind human intentions and the extremes individuals can go to achieve wealth and profits at the expense of others with the aim of shedding insight into the rise of European imperialism, the imperial history, its politics and evil†¦show more content†¦Marlow not only encounters Kurtz’s corruption but also braves the forces inside him that make him susceptible to Kurtz’s tendencies. In this book Marlow says Ive had to strike and to fend off. Ive had to r esist and to attack sometimes--thats only one way of resisting--without counting the exact cost, according to the demands of such sort of life as I had blundered into (Conrad 10). Actually, he finds out that Africa is not as uncivilized as he was made to believe. The incident on the river and the dignified woman believed to be Kurtz’s mistress makes Marlow rethink how civilized Africans are as he sees them as people who have some inner wisdom that is incomprehensible to the white man (Conrad 23). He also discovers the ravage done on the continent. Marlow goes back to Belgium after Kurtz’s demise where he faces Kurtz’s fiancà ©e and is forced to lie about Kurtz’s undertakings and his last words. The close of the nineteenth century came with one of the most conspicuous forms of imperialism ever experienced in modern history. Just like many other Europeans, king Leopold was fascinated by illustrious accounts of explorers from Africa and he wanted a share of the wealth and power. Through careful scheming, he ultimately established himself a territory, which he called The Congo Free state. Congo was endowed with ivory and rubber, which could be harnessed andShow MoreRelatedHeart of Darkness1958 Words   |  8 PagesSTUDY GUIDE Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness Each detail to which your attention is drawn by the Study Guide is part of the puzzle of Heart of Darkness. It is important to notice the details, to ponder them, to see how patterns repeat themselves, and to see how the pieces fit together. Marlows journey and your reading about the journey require constant alertness, discipline, patience, and a willingness to look for what is not immediately apparent. Section 1 A. The Thames Setting 1. NoticeRead More The Darkness of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe Light and Dark of Colonialism in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the opening of his novel, Heart of Darkness, Conrad, through Marlow, establishes his thoughts on colonialism. He says that conquerors only use brute force, nothing to boast of because it arises, by accident, from anothers weakness. Marlow compares his subsequent tale of colonialism with that of the Roman colonization of Northern Europe and the fascination associated with such an endeavor. However, Marlow challenges this viewpointRead MoreThe Meaning Of Heart Of Darkness Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesNishi Natalia AP Literature Comp The Meaning of Heart of Darkness Although, as a society, we discourage the process of not judging a book by its cover, we have all been guilty of doing it at some point. The first item we look at when we pick up a new book is the title and the cover as a whole. These are two key components when it comes to using our heuristics to decide if a book is worthwhile reading or not. With only two items to judge by, each has to hold significant importance in orderRead MoreHeart of Darkness Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pages1. Some critics believe that in Heart of Darkness Conrad illustrates how ‘’the darkness of the landscape can lead to the darkness of the social corruption.† This statement means that if the environment is dark, then the people in that environment will match the surrounding feeling, which is dark and depressing. For example, if it is a gloomy rainy day, most people feel tired and not as happy. If it is a bright sunny day, the most people feel motivated to get things done and joyful . Yes, thisRead MoreHeart of Darkness Paper984 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, is an intriguing and extremely disturbing portrayal of mans surrender to his carnal nature when all external trappings of civilization are removed. 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To understand how Kurtz fell to this emotional corruptness, a readerRead MoreEssay on Heart of Darkness1208 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Conrads The Heart of Darkness is a dark and haunting tale about the search for a substantial and mysteriously powerful man named Mr. Kurtz. Heart of Darkness centers around Marlow, a sailor and also narrator of the novella. Throughout the work, Conrad uses an array of literary devices to suggest his style of writing. The title of the work itself, The Heart of Darkness, is an example of the use of metaphor. Darkness is a significant part of the books title conceptually. However, it isRead More Heart of Darkness Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness Darkness permeates every circumstance, scene, and character in Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness. Darkness symbolizes the moral confusion that Charlie Marlow encounters, as well as the moral reconciliation he has within himself while searching for Kurtz. Marlows morals are challenged numerous times throughout the book; on the Congo river and when he returns to Brussels. Charlie Marlow characterizes the behavior of the colonialists with, The flabby, pretendingRead MoreEssay on Heart of Darkness934 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness The dark thoughts, which are usually ignored and not allowed to be brought up in conversation, are pushed back into the remote corners of the mind, but have the ability to run free when man is in his most vulnerable state. Sleep, the unconscious. It is in dreams where twisted stories of malevolence and horror take place. The soul’s core is full of sin from the first minute man is born. Even Adam, the original man, who was born when the earth began its timeline, has sin runningRead MoreHeart of Darkness Essay4410 Words   |  18 PagesThe Visions of Light Vs Darkness When Joseph Conrad composed Heart of Darkness he created a literary masterpiece which embodied the essence of light contrasting with darkness. Throughout the novel Conrad constantly utilizes the images of light and dark and uses them to mold a vision, which the reader is then able to use to decipher the literal and metaphorical meanings of the novel. As Conrad said, my task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word to make you hear, to

Ice cream Free Essays

City it is in between CSS San Carols and Saint Dominic Parish. You can contact Emil Rome C. Calcium on 09332965701 for more information visit us on quartermasters. We will write a custom essay sample on Ice cream or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gamma. Com 1. 2 We have chosen partnership as our business organization, in which two or more individuals manage to operate the business. For having six members in this business it is easier and less expensive for us to organize because there is mutual contribution by means of money and property. All assets contributed into the partnership are owned by the partnership. The profit and losses are equally divided. All partners are personally liable for all debts incurred by the partnership. Combines each partner’s special skills, expertise and experience for the business. 1. 3 Company Description: For the preparation the set-up employees will clean the store and the furniture. Inside the kitchen, an employee is assigned to clean and prepare the needed ingredients, kitchen equipment and utensils once everything is ready, employees are required to freshen-up and groom themselves for them to appear neat and presentable. For our closing, our employees are given 1 hour to clean the entire store and fix everything after the store hours. Our usual customers are children, students, teenagers, groups of friends who want to chill, professionals, and oldies who are young at heart. 1. 4 Top four Executive Personnel: Abate, Maria Salve L. Pagan, Jerkin C. Tulips, Aka Marie S. Sacramento, Nikkei Jane R. Qualification: Creativity and Innovation Develops new insights into situations; questions conventional approaches; encourages new ideas and innovations; designs and implements new or cutting edge programs/processes. External Awareness Understands and keeps up-to-date on local, national, and international policies and trends that affect the organization and shape stakeholders’ views; is aware of the organization’s impact on the external environment. Flexibility Is open to change and new information; rapidly adapts to new information, changing conditions, or unexpected obstacles. Resilience Deals effectively with pressure; remains optimistic and persistent, even under adversity. Recovers quickly from setbacks. Strategic Thinking Formulates objectives and priorities, and implements plans consistent with the long- term interests of the organization in a global environment. Capitalizes on opportunities and manages risks. Vision Takes a long-term view and builds a shared vision with others; acts as a catalyst for organizational change. Influences others to translate vision into action. 1. 5 Start up Schedule: Name of Competitors: Ice Cream House 1. 6 Funds Needed How to cite Ice cream, Papers

Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Answer: The following paper deals with a health indicator, that is climate and geography and the geographic region that is being chosen is Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. It alos demonstrates the issues concerned in relation to the drastic climatic and geographical changes in the US. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal agency that manages and supports and manages the preparation, preparedness and promotional activities in the United States in order to improve the health of the general public. It was established in the year 1946 in Atlanta and is managed by theDepartment of Health and Human Services. This department works in the local, state and national level in partnership with various agencies in order to monitor and prevent the outbreaks of disease (Epstein, 2016).It follows various strategies in the prevention of disease and maintains statistics of health at the national level. The agency also performs various functions in order to prevent and control several infectious and chronic diseases, injuries, hazardous effects in the workplace, disability problems and threats related to environmental health . An environmental issue that has been identified by the group is the drastic change in the climate and geographical conditions which leads to a negative impact upon the health of the population residing in the US. Change in the climate has become a global issue which leads to air pollution, floods, droughts, rise in the sea level, extreme changes in the weather and heat waves (DAmato et al., 2013). It has lead to several negative impacts upon the health of the population such as respiratory problems, cardiovascular issues, mental imbalances and premature deaths of individuals. Climate change can increase the amount of ozone and particulate matter in the atmosphere at ground-level (Fann et al., 2014). It can also lead to an increase in the growth of indoor fungi and mold which can lead to several diseases in human beings.Climate and Health Program is playing a significant role in helping the state and the city health departments in order to prepare themselves from negative health impac ts of climate change. Their main objective is the identification of population that are vulnerable to change in the climate. They work in order to prevent and adapt themselves to the present impact on the health of individuals (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.,2015).They make sure that they develop and follow proper systems in order to respond to the threats on the individuals. There are various driving forces or social determinants of health due to extreme changes in the climate such as poverty and lack of nutrition. This is because change in the climate affects the agriculture due to increase in rainfall events and a rise in temperature. This results in the loss of cultivated crops and financial issues among the individuals.Development in the field of technology is also a major driving force that results in extreme weather events. There are several evidence based approaches to environmental risk assessment and management of climate change such as various strategies for the adaptation and mitigation should be taken in order to reduce the harmful effects of change in the climate. Mitigation can be done by reducing the flow of green house gases which are present in the atmosphere (Aldy Pizer, 2015).Thus can be done by reducing the source of the gases such as the burning of fossil fuels or improving the number of sinks that can store these gases like forests, oceans and soil. Adaptation involves adjusting to the climatic conditions by the living organisms such as animals and human beings when there is a lack of food or extreme weather events (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2015). The environmental health issue is currently been manage by following a number of strategies.The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has a partnership association with several organizations at the international level such as theWorld Health Organization(WHO) and global divisions include:Division of Global HIV TB(DGHT),Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria(DPDM),Division of Global Health Protection(DGHP), andGlobal Immunization Division(GID).Presently, The Climate-Ready States and Cities Initiative formed by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention is helping to anticipate health issues by the application of climatic science, prediction of the impacts of health and by preparing several programs and measures to deal with extreme climatic conditions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assists several states and cities in the development and usage of several models which help in the prediction of impacts related to health. It also assists in monitoring health effects, and in the identification of regions that are vulnerable to climate change. The CDC is working in collaboration with the World Health Organization in order to establish theInternational Health Regulations(IHR),that is applicable to 194 countries which are members. It is functional through theGlobal Disease Detection Program(GDD) and the WHO and CDCGlobal Surveillance Systems. Health equity plays a significant role in primary health care because all the individuals have equal right to assess appropriate medical facilities without any discrimination such as caste, creed and financial status. It plays a significant role in promoting their health and improve their well being.Individuals should be provided proper counseling, guidance and information about the prevention and treatment facilities to prevent HIV from infecting them. It is the basic individual right of every human being to receive proper healthcare facilities irrespective of caste, creed religion and social status. There are several gaps in the current management actions and practices related to environmental issue such as there should be an improvement in the use of renewable enrgy sources such as biofuesls, biomass, geothermal energy resources, and hydrogen that derived from renewable resources of energy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) should take several steps to reduce the emission of gases from fossil fuels. The organisation should work effeciently in improving the quality of air and water to prevent the infection from air- borne and water- borne diseases.There is also a need to preserve natural habitat for the sustainance of human being and maintenance and restoration of wetlands.An extreme change in the climatic conditions leads to floods and droughts as well.Hence, there should be proper management of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes accumulated due to flooding and drought.There should be timely response to deal with emergency situation to deal with the destructi on of life and property (Levy Patz,2015). There are several gaps in the current policies, regulations management related to environmental issue There are several approaches that can be taken into consideration to environmental risk assessment and management of changes in the climate and geographical conditions. These approches can be used in providing accurate decisions for example in the planning of use of land or hazardous installations. They can be used in order to prioritize several environmental risks, for example in determining that which chemicals should be regulated first. They can also be used in comparing several risks, for example to allow different comparisons that are to be made between the resources that are provided in controlling different types of risk and also to allow the decisions of risk substitution to be made.These strategies can also be used in identifying the maximum level of risk that can be accepted which should not cross its limit even if it beneficial to the economy or the general individuals res iding in the US. There is a requirement of proper infrastructure, legislative and regulatory measures at the federal and state level agencies.The current policy, regulation and management lacks appropriate strategies and measures that should be taken to deal with a drastic change in climatic conditions. (Patz et.al.,2014).There are some communites who are directly dependent on using natural sources such as water from air and seas and if there are extreme weather events,it will lead to over exploitation and these resources would het exhausted.Poverty will result in the lack of financial investment on the environment (Woodward et al.,2104).At the federal level, a nation-wide strategy can be formed to adapt to climate change by the agencies and the state level agencies should play an important role in the identification of vulnerable situations to the impact of climate change and the measures that should be taken for adaptation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can play an important role in the risk assessment and management of this issue. They can be used in designing several regulatory methods such as in the determinaton of levels of risk according to the environmental standards.There should be proper regulatory methods and policies for the for the people living in poverty as a change in climate is directly linked with the socioeconomic status. The existing heath and other agencies, key stake holders and community groups can play a significant role in adapting tom climate change. These agencies are developing several programs, policies and important measures to deal with climate change and acting as a leadership role in its adaptation and mitigation. Hence, it can be concluded that there should be strict laws and regulations in order to protect the national environment and rehabilitate degraded area which would play a significant role in preventing the degradation of the environment. The Environmental Law should be amended so that it becomes easier to understand for the general public. Several measures should be developed and followed in order to increase the participation of individuls, communities agencies and organizations in environmental protection.A reward scheme can also be implemented to promote business, organizations and local people to protect the environment and address the level of pollution in there area They should be imposed with heavy fines who violate the environmental laws and regualtaions and do not understandi the harmful impact of polluting the environment. References Aldy, J. E., Pizer, W. A. (2015). The competitiveness impacts of climate change mitigation policies.Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists,2(4), 565-595. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). USA.Classification of Diseases, Functioning, and Disability.[ ]: https://www. cdc. gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm. htm ( : 20.09. 2014). DAmato, G., Baena-Cagnani, C. E., Cecchi, L., Annesi-Maesano, I., Nunes, C., Ansotegui, I., ... Canonica, W. G. (2013). Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine,8(1), 12. Epstein, P. R. (2016). Climate and health.Science,285(5426), 347-348. Fann, N., Nolte, C. G., Dolwick, P., Spero, T. L., Brown, A. C., Phillips, S., Anenberg, S. (2015). The geographic distribution and economic value of climate change-related ozone health impacts in the United States in 2030.Journal of the Air Waste Management Association,65(5), 570-580. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2015).Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change(Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press. Levy, B., Patz, J. (2015).Climate change and public health. Oxford University Press. Patz, J. A., Frumkin, H., Holloway, T., Vimont, D. J., Haines, A. (2014). Climate change: challenges and opportunities for global health.Jama,312(15), 1565-1580. Woodward, A., Smith, K. R., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chadee, D. D., Honda, Y., Liu, Q., ... Confalonieri, U. (2014). Climate change and health: on the latest IPCC report.The Lancet,383(9924), 11